Standard proctor test procedure apparatus calculation. Compaction of soil is an important process, as it helps it of achieve certain physical properties necessary for its proper behaviour under loading. Compaction compaction is the process of increasing the density of soil by mechanical means by packing soil particles closer. The most common causes of compaction on farms are animals and machinery, mostly tractors and heavy cultivation and harvesting equipment. This test method describes the procedure for determining the inplace density and moisture of earthwork through the use of a nuclear gauge. Soil compaction meters often called penetrometers are used to determine the density of soil and other material. Diagnosing soil compaction using a penetrometer soil compaction tester soil compaction is a serious concern for farmers in pennsylvania. Sand replacement method is also known as sand cone method. Compaction test 3 t 255 total evaporable moisture content of aggregate by drying itm 1 506 field determination of moisture content of soils. In order to overcome the time and effort of carrying out dynamic compaction test, a. Guidelines for earthwork construction control testing of gravelly soils 3 reclamation uses the rapid compaction test usbr 7240 5, astm d 5080 6 for routine control of silty or clayey soils. Soil compaction is a serious concern for farmers in pennsylvania. If the engineer elects to test, satisfactory compaction is defined as 90% 95% in the.
It can be removed by ploughing the surface layer experiencing compaction. The resistance of the cone is displayed as it is pushed in the ground. Most contractors get a feel for these figures, based on their local experience. This is very logical for better compaction of soil. This test differs from the procedure described in aashto t 99 in that a 10 lb. Standard test method for soil compaction determination at. The data sheet showing inplace density and degree of compaction is shown in figure 2. Measures density of soil for comparing the degree of compaction vs specs. The data sheet showing in place density and degree of compaction is shown in figure 2. His original test is most commonly referred to as the standard proctor compaction test. The test is named in honor of ralph roscoe proctor, who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends on the amount of water the soil contains during soil compaction. The results obtained by these tests are used with the empirical curves to determine the thickness of pavement and its component layers. The proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. All test procedures used within and referred to in this section can be found under testing procedures of this manual.
It was developed by road research laboratory in united kingdom and is used to determine the workability of concrete. Subgrade soils prior to the application of topsoil see permanent seeding and stabilization notes for topsoil requirements shall be free of excessive compaction to a depth of 6. Unseen soil compaction can limit root growth and water and nutrient absorption. Soils field testing sample size required test method a method d one point 7 lbs 25 lbs multi point 35 lbs 125 lbs procedures methodaord t.
The compacting factor test is performed to find out the workability of concrete. One of the most common test to determine the field density of soil is the sandcone method. In other words, the density is a comparison of the weight of one cubic foot of material in the field. Typically, each compacted layer is checked at random locations. Two methods of advancing the penetrometer into the soil and of measuring the amount of force required to cause penetration are generally used. Of the abovereferenced testing procedures the sand cone method has proven to be the most accurate and is generally the required test of several municipal authorities. This is a method of determining the maximum theoretical dry density of soils. Proctor aashto t99astm d 698 testing procedures to determine the moisturedensity relationship of soil for highway construction projects.
Compaction quality monitoring of opengraded aggregates. A typical field testing procedure to determine the load bearing capacity of t. The soilcement moisturedensity test was adopted as a tentative standard by astm d558 in 1940 and advanced to standard in 1944. The drive tube method and nuclear method are the most time efficient tests and are widely used by several testing agencies. Nuc gages can have significant errors if the extendable probe is located next to a rock 3 inches across. Proctor soil compaction test procedures, tools and results. A soil penetrometer is an instrument used for estimating soil compaction. Compaction factor test for concrete workability method and. Evaluation of laboratory compaction procedures for. Dynamic cbr test to assess the soil compaction article pdf available in journal of testing and evaluation 435. Standard laboratory tests for soil cementdevelopment. The driving force behind the compaction problem is the efforts of farming to remain economically viable in a. Procedures adopted for conducting is compaction test. To assess the workability of concrete using compaction factor test apparatus compaction factor apparatus trowels hand scoop 15.
A small sample of the material is prepared, weighed and placed into the vessel. Diagnosing soil compaction using a penetrometer soil. To evaluate the degree of compaction, it is common to check soil zones using the insitu density or insitu unit weight test procedure. An operator pushes a rod with attached asae standard cone into the ground. Compacting bituminous specimens using the superpave. Generally before any soil compaction occurs various samples of the proposed embankment or fill is analyzed in the lab. Soil compaction can easily reduce crop yields by 10 percent, and can lead to water and soil quality degradation due to increased runoff and soil structure destruction. Astm d698 00a standard test methods for laboratory. The procedures for determining the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, inplace density, inplace strength, and moisture content of soils, granular soil, and coarse aggregates in the field will be as follows. Field density test of soil by sand replacement method. Most field compaction tests are now made using nuclear density gages that employ a cesium element. D7380 08 standard test method for soil compaction determination at shallow depths using 5lb 2. In such cases, the soil passing 40mm is sieve should be used for the test.
According to proctor, the compaction of a soil mass is dependent on the following four major factors. A method for controlling compaction of granular materials. Compaction factor test of concrete for low workability. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of.
Astm d 1557 laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort. The vibratory hammer compaction test was conducted. The forms can accommodate two different formats, metric and english. In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. It is caused by the use of equipments weighing less than 10 tons per axle.
The lowest percentage of lime in soil that produces a laboratory ph of 12. Mixture design and testing procedures for lime stabilized soil. Form will calculate percent compaction for each test and the average of the five tests. No material specifications complement construction specification csor023. Indian institute of technology gandhinagar department of. Procedure take a representative sample of air dried soil of about 5 kg soil not susceptible to crushing during compaction or 3 kg from 15 kg sample soil susceptible to crushing during compaction passing through 19mm is sieve and mix thoroughly with a. If this test method is used for freedraining soils the maximum unit weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtained using test methods d4253. Cylindrical core cutters of mm long and 100mm diameter are used for testing the insitu compaction of cohesive and clay soils placed as fill. At the top of the form is an area that allows the user to switch between the different units. In order to overcome the time and effort of carrying out dynamic compaction test. Compaction factor test is the workability test for concrete conducted in laboratory. This compaction is a comparison of the laboratory compaction proctor to the field density and recorded as a percentage.
This user guide has been developed to highlight the use of the dcp by mndot it provides complete fabri cation and test procedure information, discusses the applications of dcp data, and outlines the many methods and correlations available for analyzing dcp results. Soil and aggregate compaction maryland state highway. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids. Embankmentsubgrade testing procedures direct transmission method. This focused attention on the importance of subgrade compaction, leading to the modified proctor compaction test in 1946. Slump test doesnt give accurate results for the low workability of concrete when the slump is compaction factor test. The method of running a proctor density is in the appendix. Take a representative portion of airdried soil large enough to provide about 5 kg of material passing 19mm is sieve for soils not susceptible to crushing during compaction or about 15 kg of material passing 19mm is sieve for soils susceptible to crushing during compaction. Mixture design and testing procedures for lime stabilized soil october 2006 criteria. The degree of compaction of a soil is measured in terms of its dry unit weight. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its. There are many types of soil compaction tests which are performed on soil.
Normally sand replacement method is adopted for this purpose. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. The standard proctor approximates the compaction effort achieved by earlier generations of compaction equipment. Field density test fdt 7 methods and their comparison. Soil is compacted in five layers, each layer being given 55 blows of the 4. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur. Compaction of the subsoil affects a range of soil functions and ecosystem services. Compaction equipment can efficiently compact the soil up to a limited depth. Soil compaction testing otherwise known as density tests are performed in order to determine the soil compaction level. Field determination of maximum dry density and optimum.
Oct 28, 2016 soil compaction exist on the soils surface layer surface compaction or deeper below the soil surface subsurface compaction. When the soil is hard and firm an impact method whereby the penetrometer is driven into the soil by a hammer or falling weight is. The degree of compaction depends on the force compressing the soil, the contact area with the soil, the strength in the soil and the type of soil. The rapid compaction test is a threepoint proctor compaction test that works on an adjusted wet density basis. This is the most widely used method for the design of flexible pavement. Understand the compaction and testing requirements for various subgrade materials. Compaction testing in the laboratory is conducted for various reasons, but generally is it to determine. Use of this method eliminates the danger of applying the wrong stand ard to compaction control of gravelly soils. A flow chart of the test procedure is shown in figure 1. Soils field testing dig a hole with the auger, trowel, or other tools test hole must be approx. If you are dealing with a contractor who has not previously worked in the area, you should be wary. Hence, the fills or embankments are compacted in several layers, called lifts. It is intended that the guide will stimulate the reader to. Laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort.
Standard test method for density and unit weight of soil. Compaction test of soil soil mechanics standardization. This section includes a sample of each of the odot forms used for submitting samples and reporting test results. The compaction factor is the ratio of weights of partially compacted to fully compacted concrete.
Note 1 it is important that the water is mixed thoroughly and adequately with the soil, since inadequate mixing gives rise to variable test. Cbr test procedure california bearing ratio for road design. The california bearing ratio test is penetration test meant for the evaluation of subgrade strength of roads and pavements. Guidelines for earthwork construction control testing of gravelly soils. Daily most nuclear gauges require a warmup period and standard count. Nov 03, 2014 purpose the purpose of a laboratory compaction test is to determine the proper amount of mixing water amount of mixing water to use when compacting the soil in the field and the resulting degree of denseness which can be expected from compaction at this optimum water. Most testing methods measure density and effects of moisture on the soil, the two primary variables that influence soil compaction. Evaluation of laboratory compaction procedures for specification of. The apparatus used in this field density test consists of a sand pouring cylinder, with pouring cone at its. Stockton airfield test track stockton airfield was the corps principal test site for evaluating pappy porters california bearing ratio cbr test to compare subgrade modulus with various wheel loads and repetitions, working with the california division of highways and the sacramento district of the corps of engineers under. Laboratory compaction of road construction materials roads and. In rocky fills the operator should always rotate the probe 90 degrees and take a second reading, recoding the lower of the two values. Construction specification csor023 is applicable to all types of earthfill including fill sections constructed of rocky soils and embankments constructed of soft or friable rock that is expected to break down during compaction. Here we are going to compute the bulk density of sand down to the degree of compaction of soil.
Impact compaction the proctor test is an impact compaction. Compaction, relative compaction, dry density, moisture content. The surface of the soil is leveled and brush is used to clean the surface from fines. Dry density of soil by core cutter method for soil compaction. Preamble compaction is the process of densification of soil by reducing air voids by mechanical energy. When conducting a test, the edg measures and displays the results for wet and dry density, gravimetric moisture content and percent compaction.
The whole procedure of sand replacement test and step by step process civil engineering basic house material quantity. Newer compaction equipment is heavier and capable of achieving. Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. Standard proctor test or proctor compaction test was the original test devised by an american engineer ralph r. You can test soil compaction levels by many different methods ranging from simple tactile estimates at home, to expensive professional laboratory analysis. Compaction test of soil is carried out using proctors test to understand compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content.
Class 4 soil compaction free download as powerpoint presentation. Thus the moisturedensity test for soilcement was developed at the same time the test was being developed for soil compaction. The proctor compaction test is a test that compacts the soil material at various moisture. The h4245 sand cone apparatus determines the inplace density of soils having a maximum particle size of up to 2 51mm using test hole volumes of approximately 0. But it has a major limitation that this test is not suitable for saturated and soft soils. Seay supervising field engineer research report 902f research study number 266590 sponsored by. In this case, a bigger compaction mold of 15 cm internal diameter and 12. Sampling concrete mix m15 is blended according to the specified mix design in the laboratory. The field density test of soil is conducted in the field to know whether the specified compaction is achieved or not.
Guidelines for earthwork construction control testing of. Astm d698 12e2 standard test methods for laboratory. Components of a method specification typically contain the type and size of compaction equipment to be used, the lift thickness, acceptable range. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort 12 400 ftlbfft 3600 knmm 1 this standard is issued under the. The process followed for field density test is generally as follows. In this concrete the compaction is also tested by field density test usually sand replacement method. Dec 27, 2014 this is a continuation of the previous article i posted how to do a compaction test or insitu density test, about the calculation of the compaction test report. Harper formerly assistant research engineer william w. After placement and compaction of the embankment material by the contractor, the inspector then conducts a field density test and a field moisture content test on the lift. Proctor showing that for a given compaction effort, the density of soil depends on the type of soil and moisture content. Test methods attachment i lists the test methods that will be used to test. We know that the conditions of site and that of the laboratory are different altogether.
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